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Developmental Psychopathology. Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology-A global perspective. Dev Psychopathol, High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in year-old children. Developmental brain alterations in 17 year old boys are related to antenatal maternal anxiety. Clinical Neurophysiology.
Intergenerational effect of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment on newborn brain anatomy. Biological Psychiatry. Associations of maternal and paternal antenatal mood with offspring anxiety disorder at age 18 years.
Journal of Affective Disorders. PLoS One. Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Archives of General Psychiatry. Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11beta-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology , ;37 6 Maternal Interleukin-6 concentration during pregnancy is associated with variation in frontolimbic white matter and cognitive development in early life.
Neuroimage , ; However, serious types of stress during pregnancy may increase your chances of certain problems, like premature birth. Most women who have serious stress during pregnancy can have healthy babies. But talk to your health care provider if you have these types of stress:.
But certain stress-related hormones may play a role in causing certain pregnancy complications. Serious or long-lasting stress may affect your immune system, which protects you from infection. This can increase the chances of getting an infection of the uterus.
This type of infection can cause premature birth. Many women worry that stress may lead to miscarriage , the death of a baby before 20 weeks of pregnancy. While extra stress isn't good for your overall health, there's no evidence that stress causes miscarriage.
Post-traumatic stress disorder also called PTSD is a disorder that develops when you have problems after you experience a shocking, scary or dangerous event. These events may include rape, abuse, a natural disaster, a terrorist attack or the death of a loved one. People with PTSD may have:.
Women who have PTSD may be more likely than women without it to have a premature or low-birthweight baby. They also are more likely than other women to have risky health behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, abusing medications or taking street drugs.
Doing these things can increase the chances of having pregnancy problems. If you think you may have PTSD, talk to your provider or a mental health professional. Treatments for PTSD include medications and therapy. Some studies show that high levels of stress in pregnancy may cause certain problems during childhood, like having trouble paying attention or being afraid.
The people around you may help with stress relief too. Here are some ways to reduce stress with the help of others:. Sign up for our emails to receive great health information and join us in the fight for the health of moms and babies. March of Dimes leads the fight for the health of all moms and babies.
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Saving Just a moment, please. Int J Dev Neurosci ; 29 — Functional play at 2 years of age: Effects of prenatal maternal stress. Infancy ; 12 — Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Dev ; 50 — Bromet E, Dew MA. Review of psychiatric epidemiologic research on disasters.
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David P. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Suzanne King. Reprints and Permissions. Laplante, D. The effects of maternal stress and illness during pregnancy on infant temperament: Project Ice Storm.
Pediatr Res 79, — Download citation. Received : 09 January Accepted : 06 July Published : 16 September Issue Date : January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Maternal and Child Health Journal Scientific Reports Current Psychiatry Reports Journal of Neural Transmission Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Neuroscience Risk factors. Abstract Background: To determine whether disaster-related prenatal maternal stress and maternal illness during pregnancy predict maternal-rated temperament status in 6-mo-old infants. Results: Higher levels of maternal subjective distress and illness were primarily independently associated with poorer temperamental status in the infants.
Conclusion: This is the first study to assess whether temperament status is influenced by disaster-related prenatal maternal stress. Results Prevalence of Maternal Illness Overall, 61 mothers Table 1 Correlation coefficients and means and SDs for outcome and predictor variables Full size table.
Table 2 Summary of hierarchical linear regression analyses Full size table. Instruments Outcome Measure Infant temperament. Predictor Measures Objective hardship. Control Measures Maternal anxiety was assessed using the anxiety subscale on a validated French version 35 of the General Health Questionnaire Procedures Objective hardship, subjective distress, maternal anxiety, due date data, and demographics were collected in a questionnaire packet mailed to the mothers by their obstetricians on 1 June Statistical Analysis Person Product—Moment correlations were used to assess the relationships between the predictor measures and the four temperament dimensions.
Disclosure The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1 Weinstock M. Google Scholar 37 Goldberg DP. Google Scholar 43 Hollingshead AB. Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements The authors thank all the families who participated in this study.
Laplante View author publications. View author publications. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions. About this article. Cite this article Laplante, D. Copy to clipboard. Kennedy in Alexa A. Freedman , Gregory E.
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